Po`ouli gleaned from, probed, and excavated moss mats, lichen, and bark for small invertebrate prey. Egg-laying took place in March and April for two nests observed, and clutch size was probably two eggs (Kepler et al. 1996, pp. 620-638). The female alone incubated eggs and brooded chicks, but both parents fed the chicks. Throughout nesting, the male fed the female at or away from the nest. Po`ouli often associated with mixed species foraging flocks of other insectivorous honeycreepers. Po`ouli were unusually quiet. Males rarely sang and did so mostly as part of courtship prior to egg-laying. The maximum lifespan of this species is estimated to be 9 years (The Animal Aging and Longevity Database 2020, unpaginated).

The Bachman's warbler was first named in 1833 as Sylvia bachmanii based on a bird observed in a swamp near Charleston, South Carolina (AOU 1983, pp. 601-602). The Bachman's warbler was among the smallest warblers with a total length of 11.0 to 11.5 centimeters (cm) (4.3 to 4.5 inches (in)). The species was found in the southeastern portions of the United States from the south Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, extending inland in floodplains of major rivers (eastern Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, bootheel of Missouri, Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolinas, Virginia, and flyovers in Florida). However, breeding was documented only in northeast Arkansas, southeast Missouri, southwest Kentucky, central Alabama, and southeast South Carolina. Bachman's warbler was a neotropical migrant; historically, the bulk of the species' population left the North American mainland each fall for Cuba and Isle of Pines.

The ivory-billed woodpecker had a black and white plumage with a white chisel-tipped beak, yellow eyes, and a pointed crest. It was sexually dimorphic, with the sexes exhibiting different characteristics ( i.e., sizes, coloring, etc.). Females had a solid black crest, and males were red from the nape to the top of the crest with an outline of black on the front of the crest (Service 2010, p. 1). This large woodpecker produced distinctive sounds and had distinctive markings ( e.g., large white patch on the wing that can be seen from long distances (Tanner 1942, p. 1)), indicating a certain degree of detectability during surveys, if present.

Survey Effo

The yellow blossom seldom achieved more than 2.4 inches (6 centimeters) in length. The slightly inflated valves were of unequal length, and the shell surface was marked by uneven growth lines. The shell was a shiny honey-yellow or tan with numerous green rays uniformly distributed over the surface. The inner shell surface was bluish-white.

The upland combshell was historically found in shoals in rivers and large streams in the Black Warrior, Cahaba, and Coosa River systems above the Fall Line in Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee (Service 2000, p. 61). As with many of the freshwater mussels in the Mobile River Basin, it was found in stable sand, gravel, and cobble in moderate to swift currents. The historical range included the Black Warrior River and tributaries (Mulberry Fork and Valley Creek); Cahaba River and tributaries (Little Cahaba River and Buck Creek); and the Coosa River and tributaries (Choccolocco Creek and Etowah, Conasauga, and Chatooga Rivers).

Habitat within the historical range of the turgid blossom has been significantly altered by water impoundments, siltation, and pollution. The last known collection of the species was more than 45 years ago. Mussel experts conclude that the species is likely to be extinct.

The tubercled blossom was medium-sized, reaching about 3.6 inches (9.1 centimeters) in shell length, and could live as long as 50 years or more. The shell was irregularly egg-shaped or elliptical, slightly sculptured, and corrugated with distinct growth lines. The outer surface was smooth and shiny; was tawny, yellowish-green, or straw-colored; and usually had numerous green rays

The southern acornshell was described in 1857 from Othcalooga Creek in Gordon County, Georgia. Adult southern acornshells were round to oval in shape and approximately 1.2 inches in length. 

Stream impoundment affects species composition by eliminating those species not capable of adapting to reduced flows and altered temperatures. Tributary dams typically have storage impoundments with cold water discharges and sufficient storage volume to cause the stream below the dam to differ significantly from pre-impoundment conditions. These hypolimnial discharges result in altered temperature regimes, extreme water level fluctuations, reduced turbidity, seasonal oxygen deficits, and high concentrations of certain heavy metals (TVA 1980, entire).

The flat pigtoe was historically known from the Tombigbee River from just above Tibbee Creek near Columbus, Mississippi, downstream to Epes, Alabama (USFWS 1989, p. 3). Surveys in historical habitat over the past three decades have failed to locate the species, and all historical habitat is impounded or modified by channelization and impoundments (USFWS 2015, p. 5). No live or freshly dead shells have been observed since the species was listed in 1987.